- A leak in the car's intake system or breather systems usually caused by a broken hose or poor connection and this results in too much air and the ECU (computer) is making adjustments to maintain stoichiometric mixture of air and gas ( 14.7:1).
- Not enough fuel being delivered resulting in too much air to gas mixture. This could be caused by a clog fuel filter, malfunction fuel pump or failing fuel injectors.
- Leak in the exhaust system allows extra air into the exhaust causing the post catalytic oxygen sensor to think the engine's combustion is lean (i.e. has too much air).
- A bad Mass Air Flow sensor is not providing the correct inputs for the ECU to set the air/fuel mix.
Disclaimer: I am not a professional mechanic. This above material is provided for educational purposes for myself and others. Your comments and feedback are welcome.